USA Grand Prix

A Formula 1 season is a series of grands prix, each held over a weekend at a different circuit. A normal weekend starts with practice sessions, where teams test the car, learn the track and try different tyres and fuel loads. Qualifying comes next and decides the starting grid. It runs in knockout stages, with the slowest cars dropping out after the early stages and the fastest driver in the last stage taking pole position.

Le grand prix lui-même est l'événement principal. La distance est fixée en nombre de tours totalisant un peu plus de 300 kilomètres (Monaco est plus court), et il existe une durée maximale. Le vainqueur est le premier pilote à franchir la ligne lorsque le leader termine la distance de course, et tous les autres sont classés selon les tours effectués puis selon l'ordre d'arrivée.

Certains week-ends utilisent le format sprint. Ils comportent moins d'essais libres et ajoutent une courte course sprint à fond, disputée avant la course principale, qui attribue moins de points. Une séance de type qualifications détermine la grille du sprint. Les week-ends sprint sont fixés dans le calendrier de chaque année, et le programme exact a évolué au fil des ans, consultez donc le calendrier pour le détail.

There are two championships every season. In the drivers' championship, drivers earn points for finishing near the front in grands prix and sprints, and the driver with the most points at the end is world champion. The constructors' championship adds up the points scored by a team's two drivers, and the team with the most wins. Points go to a set number of top finishers, the winner earns the most, and the scale is steeply weighted to the front. The exact scale has been changed several times, so N4 does not state one here. If drivers are level on points, the tie is broken by who has more wins, then more second places and so on.

A constructor is the team that is entered in the championship, with its own car design and name. Each team runs two cars. The power unit is the engine and the systems attached to it, and it is made by a power unit supplier. Some teams build their own, while others buy theirs from a manufacturer, which means two teams with very different results can share the same supplier. So the car and the engine do not always come from the same company.

Les drapeaux et les panneaux lumineux indiquent aux pilotes ce qui se passe sur la piste. Jaune signifie danger devant, sans dépassement dans cette zone, et double jaune signifie être prêt à s'arrêter. Rouge interrompt la session et envoie toutes les voitures dans la voie des stands. Bleu indique à un pilote qu'une voiture plus rapide est sur le point de le doubler d'un tour et qu'il doit la laisser passer. Le tableau ci-dessous présente les principaux drapeaux.

When an accident or debris is more serious than yellow flags can manage, race control can deploy the safety car. It leads the field at reduced speed, no one may overtake, and the cars bunch up behind it, which wipes out the gaps between them. The virtual safety car (VSC) slows every car by electronic limits without sending out a physical car, so the drivers keep their gaps. Both change the race: a pit stop costs less time when the whole field is slow, so teams often react.

Tyres are one of the biggest strategy tools. Dry tyres come in a range of compounds from softer to harder. A softer tyre grips more and gives faster laps but wears out sooner, while a harder one lasts longer but is slower. There are also intermediate and full wet tyres for damp and rainy conditions. The rules decide how many sets each driver may use, and which compounds must be run, and these details vary by season and by event, so we keep to the principle. In most dry races the rules have required at least two different dry compounds, which forces a pit stop.

A pit stop is a visit to the pit lane for fresh tyres, and sometimes repairs. The crew changes all four wheels in a few seconds, but the whole visit costs much more than the stationary time because the car drives the pit lane at a limited speed. A stint is the run between stops. Teams plan one-stop or multi-stop strategies, and trying to jump ahead by stopping earlier than a rival (an undercut) or later (an overcut) is a classic tactic.

A timing screen lists the cars in order, each with a three-letter driver code, a gap to the leader, an interval to the car ahead and a last lap time. Sector times are coloured: purple is the fastest anyone has gone in that sector, green is a driver's own best, and yellow means no improvement. Look at gaps and tyre information together, because a driver who is 20 seconds behind on older tyres may be in a very different position from one who is 20 seconds behind on fresh ones.

N4's live-now page for Formula 1 shows the same ideas as data. It has a session classification with times or gaps, laps, the starting grid position and places gained or lost, points and the finishing status. It also shows the grid, a pace view of fastest laps ranked with the gap to the best, pit stops with each driver's number of stops, the laps they came in and the quickest stop, plus the circuit and the championship table. Each grand prix has its own page with every session of the weekend, including practice, qualifying, any sprint and the race.

N4 n'est pas un écran de chronométrage en direct. Les données proviennent du fournisseur de données, sont stockées par N4 et peuvent avoir du retard sur l'image télévisée. Lorsqu'il n'y a pas encore de données pour une session, la page l'indique plutôt que de deviner.